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Category: Data Preservation

  • From Paper to Cloud: The Evolution of NCES Data Stewardship Over 150 Years

    From Paper to Cloud: The Evolution of NCES Data Stewardship Over 150 Years

    Aug 28, 2025

    —

    by

    Carolyn Grim
    in Data Preservation

    Part One: “From Paper to Punch Cards: How NCES Revolutionized Education Data (1867-1990s)” When Gerald “Jerry” Malitz began his career at the National Center for Education Statistics in 1974 as a GS-5 graduate student, data collection meant mailing paper forms to schools across America and manually recording responses on punch cards. By the time he…

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