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From Paper to Cloud: The Evolution of NCES Data Stewardship Over 150 Years
Part One: “From Paper to Punch Cards: How NCES Revolutionized Education Data (1867-1990s)” When Gerald “Jerry” Malitz began his career at the National Center for Education Statistics in 1974 as a GS-5 graduate student, data collection meant mailing paper forms to schools across America and manually recording responses on punch cards. By the time he…